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2015| July-September | Volume 52 | Issue 3
Online since
August 10, 2017
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RESEARCH ARTICLES
Control of
Aedes aegypti
and
Ae. albopictus,
the vectors of dengue and chikungunya, by using pheromone C21 with an insect growth regulator: Results of multicentric trials from 2007-12 in India
BN Nagpal, SK Ghosh, Alex Eapen, Aruna Srivastava, MC Sharma, VP Singh, BD Parashar, Shri Prakash, MJ Mendki, SN Tikar, Rekha Saxena, Sanjeev Gupta, SN Tiwari, VP Ojha, K John Ravindran, K Ganesan, AN Rao, RS Sharma, NR Tuli, NK Yadav, R Vijayaraghavan, VK Dua, AP Dash, MP Kaushik, PL Joshi, Neena Valecha
July-September 2015, 52(3):224-231
PMID
:26418653
Background & objectives:
Aedes
mosquito control has gained much importance nowadays in view of rise in number of reported cases of dengue and chikungunya in India and other countries. In the present study, C21 attracticide (containing a pheromone and an insect growth regulator-IGR, developed by Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India was tested for its feasibility for surveillance and control of
Aedes
mosquito in a multicentric mode from October 2007 to June 2012 in urban (Delhi, and Bengaluru district, Karnataka) and suburban (Alappuzha district, Kerala) settings of the country in three phases.
Methods:
Across the randomly selected households in each study area, two to four containers treated with attracticide (experimental) and untreated (control) were placed and monitored by trained surveillance workers on weekly/ fortnightly basis for determining the presence of eggs, larvae and pupae. Container positivity, percent larvae, egg and pupae collected were determined during different phases and analyzed statistically using SPSS 18.0.
Results:
Container positivity was found statistically significant at Bengaluru and Alappuzha, Kerala while in Delhi, it was found non-significant. Eggs collected from experimental containers were significantly higher in comparison to control at all the locations except Delhi. Also larvae collected from control containers were significantly higher at all the locations except Bengaluru. Pupae collected from control containers remained significantly higher at all the locations as no pupal formation was recorded from experimental containers.
Interpretation & conclusion:
The use of C21 attracticide hampered pupal formation, thus inhibiting adult population in the study areas. The study established that C21 attracticide was efficacious in the field conditions and has potential for use in surveillance and management of dengue and chikungunya mosquitoes.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,274
141
-
Confirmation of
Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summorosus
(Diptera: Culicidae) as a separate species
Monika Airi, Sagandeep Kaur
July-September 2015, 52(3):219-223
PMID
:26418652
Background & objectives:
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
, a member of
Cx. vishnui
subgroup, is an important vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus.
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus summorosus
considered as a variety or subspecies of
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus,
has been studied in detail to settle its taxonomic status. Surveys for the collection of
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
from Chandigarh and adjoining areas have established the availability of
Cx. summorosus
from this area.
Methods:
For the present investigation, collections have been made from Chandigarh and its adjoining areas (up to 60 km) for procuring the material. The detailed morphology including scanning electron microscopy of immatures (eggs and larvae) and adults of
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
and
Cx. summorosus
has been studied and compared. Further, the interbreeding experiments of the two species were also conducted and efforts had been made to allow cross- breeding among the members of these two species.
Results:
Comparison of egg, larval and adult morphology of
Cx. summorosus
with the parental species
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
under the light and electron microscope, revealed significant differences. Moreover, these two species have also been found to be reproductively isolated as indicated by laboratory experiments. This settles the controversy on the status of
Cx. summorosus
and confirms its status as a distinct species.
Interpretation & conclusion:
The study establishes that the two species show considerable number of differences which are sufficient to consider them as separate species rather than subspecies or variant of
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
. Furthermore, the absence of interbreeding between these two again confirms their separate specific status according to biological species concept. But, it is yet to ascertain whether
Cx. summorosus
is a vector of Japanese encephalitis like
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
or not.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,302
103
-
Pattern and predictors of neurological morbidities among childhood cerebral malaria survivors in central Sudan
Adil Mergani, Ammar H Khamis, EL Fatih Hashim, Mohamed Gumma, Bella Awadelseed, Nasr Eldin M.A. Elwali, Ali Babikir Haboor
July-September 2015, 52(3):239-244
PMID
:26418655
Background & objectives:
Cerebral malaria is considered a leading cause of neuro-disability in sub-Saharan Africa among children and about 25% of survivors have long-term neurological and cognitive deficits or epilepsy. Their development was reported to be associated with protracted seizures, deep and prolonged coma. The study was aimed to determine the discharge pattern and to identify potential and informative predictors of neurological sequelae at discharge, complicating childhood cerebral malaria in central Sudan.
Methods:
A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out during malaria transmission seasons from 2000 to 2004 in Wad Medani, Sinnar and Singa hospitals, central Sudan. Children suspected of having cerebral malaria were examined and diagnosed by a Pediatrician for clinical, laboratory findings and any neurological complications. Univariate and multiple regression model analysis were performed to evaluate the association of clinical and laboratory findings with occurrence of neurological complications using the SPSS.
Results:
Out of 940 examined children, only 409 were diagnosed with cerebral malaria with a mean age of 6.1 ± 3.3 yr. The mortality rate associated with the study was 14.2% (58) and 18.2% (64) of survivors (351) had neurological sequelae. Abnormal posture, either decerebration or decortication, focal convulsion and coma duration of >48 h were significant predictors for surviving from cerebral malaria with a neurological sequelae in children from central Sudan by Univariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression model fitting these variables, revealed 39.6% sensitivity for prediction of childhood cerebral malaria survivors with neurological sequelae (
R2 = 0.396; p=
0.001).
Interpretation & conclusion:
Neurological sequelae are common due to childhood cerebral malaria in central Sudan. Their prediction at admission, clinical presentation and laboratory findings may guide clinical intervention and proper management that may decrease morbidity and improve CM consequences.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,283
112
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Seasonal prevalence and blood meal analysis of filarial vector
Culex quinquefasciatus
in coastal areas of Digha, West Bengal, India
Syed Afrin Azmi, Surajit Das, Soumendranath Chatterjee
July-September 2015, 52(3):252-256
PMID
:26418657
Background & objectives:
Filariasis is one of the major vector-borne diseases causing serious health problem in the tropics and subtropics. The coastal areas of Digha are known to be a filariasis prone region of West Bengal, India. The filarial parasite
Wuchereria bancrofti
is transmitted by
Culex quinquefasciatus
, the established filarial vector in West Bengal, India. The present work was aimed to determine the abundance of different mosquito species; and the frequency, distribution and blood meal analysis of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
in coastal areas of Digha.
Methods:
During the present study, a total of 11,537 mosquitoes [
Cx. quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles barbirostris
,
An. annularis
,
An. subpictus
,
An. sundaicus, Aedes albopictus
, and
Cx. vishnui
(group)] were collected by hand collection method from human habitations and cattlesheds of 10 villages of Digha, West Bengal, India. The seasonal prevalence of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
was studied. In each season, blood meals of 300
Cx. quinquefasciatus
collected from human habitations were analysed during the study period.
Results:
Cx. quinquefasciatus
was found to be the dominant species (88.44% of the total collection) in the study area. It was most frequently found in and around human habitations than cattlesheds. Total man hour density calculation revealed that this species was most prevalent during the rainy season. Two-way ANOVA revealed that the abundance of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
varied with different seasons. Blood meal analysis showed that the filarial vector preferred human blood than that of other animals.
Interpretation & conclusion:
This study suggested
Cx. quinquefasciatus
as the dominant mosquito species in the study area; and the anthropophilic nature of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
might be the reason of increase in the intensity of filarial transmission in coastal areas of Digha.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,289
103
-
Anopheline mosquitoes in District Ramgarh (Jharkhand), India
Siddharth Pandey, MK Das, RK Singh, RC Dhiman
July-September 2015, 52(3):232-238
PMID
:26418654
Background & objectives:
Jharkhand is one of the highly malaria endemic states in India and experiencing vast ecological and human-induced changes over the years. These changes have provided more favourable conditions for malaria transmission in the region. The present study was carried out to find out the distribution and prevalence of anopheline vector and non-vector species in District Ramgarh of Jharkhand state.
Methods:
Daytime indoor resting adult female anopheline mosquitoes were collected from four subcentres comprising of eight study villages in District Ramgarh. The collections were made from fixed as well as random human dwellings and cattlesheds on fortnightly basis using manual aspiration method from January to December 2012. Mosquito identification was done by using standard identification keys.
Results:
A total of 18,875 anophelines belonging to 19 species were collected. Of these, 61.87% were vector species (
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis
and
An. annularis
). Of total vector collection, 57.44% was observed in Gola block and 42.55% in Ramgarh.
An. culicifacies
was predominant species followed by
An. fluviatilis
and
An. annularis
in the study area. Out of 19, eight anopheline species exhibited successional changes in their composition over the period of years. Statistical analysis revealed positive correlation between meteorological variables and man hour density in case of
An. culicifacies
, whereas these were negatively correlated in case of
An. fluviatilis
and
An. annularis
.
Interpretation & conclusion:
The study revealed the prevalence of three recognised malaria vector species (
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis
and
An. annularis
) in high density throughout the year in this area, which indicates possibility of widening of malaria transmission window in the presence of malaria parasites. The shifting of anopheline species in Ramgarh also indicate alteration in ecological, environmental and sociological conditions, which necessitate routine monitoring on ecology and successional changes of vector species as well as malariological survey for management and adoption of appropriate vector control strategies in this area.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,278
114
-
Fly ash based
Bacillus thuringiensis
var.
israelensis
formulation for use against
Culex quinquefasciatus
, the vector of filariasis in natural ecosystems
S Tamilselvan, P Jambulingam, V Manoharan, R Shanmugasundaram, G Vivekanandan, AM Manonmani
July-September 2015, 52(3):193-200
PMID
:26418648
Background & objectives:
Fly ash is produced in huge quantities by the various thermal power stations in India. This thermal waste has been employed as a carrier material in the preparation of a biopesticidal water dispersible powder (WDP) formulation for use against mosquitoes. In the present investigation, this newly developed fly ash based WDP formulation was evaluated in natural breeding habitats of mosquito.
Methods:
Fly ash based WDP formulation of
Bacillus thuringiensis
var.
israelensis
(VCRC B17) was evaluated for its efficacy and residual activity in aquatic habitats supporting breeding of
Culex quinquefasciatus,
the vector of lymphatic filariasis in Neyveli Township, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, India for a period of one month.
Results:
At an application rate of 10 kg/ha, the WDP was effective for five days regardless of the habitat, and provided 80-100% reduction in larval abundance of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
.
Interpretation & conclusion:
The study indicates that for continued control of immature density and prevention of adult emergence, a weekly application of this formulation is necessary. This study also showed that fly ash based formulations can be used for immediate control of mosquitoes in different types of habitats and has also brought out a new avenue for the utilization of coal ash.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,285
104
-
Microfilarial periodicity of
Wuchereria bancrofti
in Assam, Northeast India
AM Khan, P Dutta, S Das, AK Pathak, P Sarmah, ME Hussain, J Mahanta
July-September 2015, 52(3):208-212
PMID
:26418650
Background & objectives:
Wuchereria bancrofti
has shown nocturnal periodicity in India and other endemic countries of the world except pacific regions where non-periodic or diurnal sub-periodic forms have been reported. Presence of sub-periodic form of
W. bancrofti
in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India and a case report of sub- periodic form of
W. bancrofti
from Mysore, India provide basis for exploring the periodicity pattern of microfilaria of
W. bancrofti
prevalent in Assam, Northeastern region of India. State of Assam has unique geographical location as its Northeastern region shares international boundaries with Nepal, China, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Evolutionary association of
W. bancrofti
found in Assam is not known and possibility of its link with
W. bancrofti
form, prevalent in neighbouring countries may not be ruled out. Hence, this study was undertaken to know the microfilarial periodicity of
W. bancrofti
in Assam.
Methods:
Ten microfilaria positive adult male individuals having moderate to high microfilaraemia were selected. Informed written consent from each participant was obtained. The presence of microfilaria was observed at two hourly intervals over a period of 24 h using 50 μl of finger prick peripheral blood samples. Peripheral blood smears were processed, stained and examined under microscope and microfilaria counts were recorded.
Results:
Data collected were calculated and analyzed using modified statistical method, and the periodicity curve was prepared. Typical nocturnal periodicity was observed at a peak time of 0003 hrs with a periodicity index of 136.2.
Interpretation & conclusion:
Analysis of the data revealed nocturnal periodicity of the
W. bancrofti
prevalent in the Assam with peak periodicity about one hour ahead of the other states in India. Findings will be helpful in evaluation and monitoring of ongoing MDA programme for elimination of LF in Assam.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,223
103
-
Vector competence of two Indian populations of
Culex quinquefasciatus
(Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes to three West Nile virus strains
AB Sudeep, Paingankar Mandar, YK Ghodke, RP George, MD Gokhale
July-September 2015, 52(3):185-192
PMID
:26418647
Background & objectives:
Culex quinquefasciatus
is one of the principal vectors of West Nile virus (WNV). The mosquito also acts as a bridge vector as it feeds on both birds and humans. In the background of the recent reports of WNV activity in Kerala and Assam with fatalities, a study was initiated to determine the growth kinetics and transmission mechanisms of three strains of WNV in two populations of
Cx. quinquefasciatus
.
Methods:
Mosquitoes were infected by oral feeding and growth on different post-infection days was determined with the three strains. Horizontal transmission was determined by confirming sickness and mortality in infant mice after infected mosquito bite. F
1
generation eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of experimentally infected mosquitoes were screened for WNV to determine vertical (transovarial) transmission. Trans-stadial transmission was determined by detecting WNV in adult mosquitoes emerged from infected larvae.
Results:
Both the mosquito populations replicated and maintained WNV for a prolonged period with high titers (≥ 5log
10
PFU/ml). WNV could be detected in saliva from Days 2 to 32 post-infection. Horizontal transmission by both the populations could be established but no vertical transmission was observed. However, parenterally infected larvae transmitted WNV to adults.
Interpretation & conclusion:
WNV has been isolated from >10 mosquito species from India, however, vector competence of none of the species has been studied. The present study demonstrates efficient transmission of WNV by
Cx. quinquefasciatus
mosquitoes. With its country wide prevalence and high vector competence, the mosquitoes could create grave consequences especially when virulent strains with potential to cause acute flaccid paralysis and death are circulating.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,201
111
-
Potential urban distribution of
Phlebotomus mascittii
Grassi and
Phlebotomus neglectus
Tonn. (Diptera: Psychodidae) in 2021-50 in Budapest, Hungary
Ákos Bede-Fazekas, Attila Trájer
July-September 2015, 52(3):213-218
PMID
:26418651
Background & objectives:
In the Carpathian Basin, the most northern populations of
Phlebotomus
(sandfly) species, including the two studied species (
Phlebotomus mascittii
and
Phlebotomus neglectus
), are reported from central Hungary. The most important limiting factor of the distribution of
Phlebotomus
species in the region is the annual minimum temperature which may be positively affected by the urban heat island and the climate change in the future. The main objective of the study is to prove and predict the overwintering possibility of
Phlebotomus
species in urban environment.
Methods:
Based on the latest reports of occurrence of sandfly species, climate envelope model was built for the period 1961-90 and 2025-50 to project the potential urban distribution of the species. The climatic data were obtained from RegCM regional climate model and MODIS satellite images.
Results:
The recent occurrence of the species in central Hungary indicates that
Phlebotomus
species can overwinter in non-heated shelters in built environment.
Interpretation & conclusion:
Jointly heat island and the increase of minimum temperature in winter due to climate change seem to be able to provide suitable environment for the studied species in urban areas to a great extent.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,199
105
-
Oviposition and vertical dispersal of
Aedes
mosquitoes in multiple storey buildings in Colombo district, Sri Lanka
T.A. Hasini D.G. Jayathilake, Mervyn B. Wickramasinghe, B.G.D. Nissanka K. de Silva
July-September 2015, 52(3):245-251
PMID
:26418656
Background & objectives:
The Colombo City in Sri Lanka is experiencing tremendous development and construction of multiple storey buildings and high rise apartments. The change in housing types and microhabitats might have altered the flight and breeding behaviour of
Aedes
mosquito population. This study was carried out to determine the vertical dispersal and abundance of
Aedes
mosquitoes in multiple storey buildings in the Colombo district, with respect to abiotic factors such as rainfall, humidity and wind speed. Hence, this study is of paramount importance, particularly for planning and implementation of control measures against
Aedes
mosquitoes.
Methods:
An ovitrap based study was carried out at four selected multiple storey buildings in four residential areas located in Colombo, Sri Lanka, from August to December 2013. Results were analyzed using four indices; ovitrap index, mean number of larvae, mean number of eggs and mean number of larvae per ovipaddle.
Results:
The results implied that
Aedes
mosquitoes could be found in different elevations from ground floor to the highest floor (130 ft). There was a significant difference between height and ovitrap index (
p
<0.05), and height and mean number of larvae per recovered ovipaddle (
p
<0.05). The highest index value for mean number of eggs was observed as 3.492 ± 0.655 at the 6th floor (60 ft high from ground level). At the same height (60 ft height) other indices (ovitrap index, mean number of larvae and mean number of larvae per ovipaddle) also displayed higher values,
i.e.
13.19 ± 2.98%, 1.366 ± 0.527, and 2.070 ± 0.421%, respectively. Abiotic factors such as wind speed, coastal nature,
etc
. displayed a significant effect to the vertical dispersal of
Aedes
mosquitoes (
p
<0.05).
Interpretation & conclusion:
The study suggested that
Aedes
mosquitoes are able to breed at any level of the buildings and not restricted by their height. The indices (mean number of larvae, mean number of eggs) representing the vertical dispersal with respect to abundance seemed to be statistically non-significant (
p
>0.05) with height which indicates high abundance of
Aedes
mosquitoes at higher floors. Abiotic factors also seemed to cause significant effect to the vertical dispersal of
Aedes
mosquitoes in high rise buildings.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,185
107
-
Vector ecology of human schistosomiasis in south India and description of a new species of the genus
Ferrissia
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Planorbidae)
Anbalagan Sankarappan, Balachandran Chellapandian, Arun Prasanna Vimalanathan, Kannan Mani, Dinakaran Sundaram, Krishnan Muthukalingan
July-September 2015, 52(3):201-207
PMID
:26418649
Background & objectives:
Vector ecology and taxonomy of snails is a prerequisite for controlling schistosomiasis in the tropics. The ecology of the freshwater limpet genus
Ferrissia
was investigated for detection of cercariae larvae in them, and taxonomic description of a new species of the genus
Ferrissia
.
Methods:
This study was conducted in 15 perennial streams from five different hills of south India. To study the seasonal patterns, a stream from each hill was selected and sampled in three seasons. In each study site, triplicate sampling was done and specimens were collected from stream substrates as well as waste material submerged in stream. Microscopic examination was carried out for detecting cercariae larvae in limpets.
Results:
Three freshwater limpets (
F. tenuis
,
F. verruca
and
F. fivefallsiensis
) were observed. Seasonality influenced the abundance of limpets. The highest abundance was observed during post-monsoon (December and January). The distribution of
Ferrissia
was observed at riffle in pebbles, leaf litter and wastes (polyethylene bags and snacks cover) submerged in water. No cercariae larvae were found from the body of limpets. In this study, we described a new species of
Ferrissia fivefallsiensis
.
Interpretation & conclusion:
Our results showed the distribution, habitat preference and seasonality of limpets, and recommend the detection of
Schistosoma
from limpets as well as human samples by use of molecular tools.
[ABSTRACT]
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,194
94
-
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Molecular phylogenetic affiliation of
Wolbachia
and phage WO among
Mansonia
mosquitoes from Kerala, India
H Ravikumar, HP Puttaraju
July-September 2015, 52(3):257-260
PMID
:26418658
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
1,031
127
-
CORRIGENDUM
Corrigendum
July-September 2015, 52(3):272-272
PMID
:26418663
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
977
105
-
CASE REPORTS
Cheek swelling: An unusual presentation of filariasis
Pooja Suresh Naik, Sabera S Tamboli, SR Agashe, PP Patil, Yash Kale
July-September 2015, 52(3):270-272
PMID
:26418662
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
968
96
-
Hepatitis A and dengue coinfection
Ira shah, Amit Dey
July-September 2015, 52(3):265-266
PMID
:26418660
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
954
99
-
Atypical eschar: An unusual cutaneous manifestation of scrub typhus
Moutusi Audhya, D Abirami, S Srikanth
July-September 2015, 52(3):267-269
PMID
:26418661
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
944
102
-
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Deltamethrin induced functional mortality of
Anopheles stephensi
, the urban malaria vector, in relation to resistance development
P Aarumugam, N Krishnamoorthy, K Gunasekaran
July-September 2015, 52(3):261-264
PMID
:26418659
Full text not available
[PDF]
[PubMed]
936
102
-
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